FERTILITY AND INFERTILTY: smoking

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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">  <b>SMOKING<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In terms of fertility, in women smoking can induce
early menopause and menstrual problems, in men it can cause abnormalities in
sperm morphology and motility. During fertility, there is an increased risk of
spontaneous abortion, preterm delivery, low birth weight and perinatal
mortality because of antepartum haemorrhage and placental abruption. New
evidence also shows that women who smoke are infertile and if by chance they
are fertile during pregnancy pass harmful carcinogens to their baby.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">    
Nutritional status tends to be compromised in smokers, characterized by
higher intake of energy, total fats, saturated fat, cholesterol and alcohol and
lower intakes of most micronutrients and antioxidant vitamins.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">     More
children and matured adults give themselves to smoking, the dominance of such aged groups has increased in England from 8% in 1988 to 26%
in 2015. Over this period the proportion of  matured young girls that smoke often has increased  drastically from  one in five to one in three.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">     The
addictive nature of smoking makes it very difficult for woman to stop even when
she knows it may affect her fertility and may harm her baby.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">     ALCOHOL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Alcohol when drunk occasionally or in moderation is
a very acceptable social activity, but when consumed in large quantities it can
become problematics, reduce appetite and affect nutritional status. High
alcohol intakes in women have been associated with menstrual disorders and
decreased fertility, even among women who had five or fewer drinks a week.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">     Alcohol
is a tetratogen and fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is used to describe the congenital
malformations associated with excessive maternal alcohol intake during
fertility. Although there is general agreement that women should not drink when
in search of fertility or child and not drink excessively during pregnancy
there is no consensus opinion as to what is safe amount.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">     <b>WORKPLACE HAZARDS AND NOXIOUS SUBSTANCES<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">     Human are
exposed to many environmental agents that may be hazardous to their
reproductive capacity and much of this exposure may occur in the workplace.
Exposure to solvents ionizing radiation and anaesthetics gases is known to be
toxic and associated with central nervous system defects, microcephaly and an
increased risk of infertility and if conceived there is likelihood of
miscarriage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">     There has
been concern about working with visual display units (VDUs) during pregnancy
and there are reports of the risks of miscarriages and child defects. However,
to date the scientific studies that have been carried out and taken as a whole
do not show any link.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">     <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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alcohol enviromental factors fertility smoking ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT HINDERS HUMAN FERTILITY

SMOKING In terms of fertility, in women smoking can ...

FERTILITY AND INFERTILTY

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT HINDERS HUMAN FERTILITY

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